The definition of online dispute resolution (ODR) has become increasingly contested, particularly fueled by the recent explosion in the use of technology during the pandemic by courts and alternative dispute resolution practitioners. The recent expansion of stakeholders has contributed productively to the on-going discussion of the parameters of ODR that have implications for ethical practice. Does the use of video conferencing constitute ODR? What new procedural and substantive justice concerns arise with the use of technology in dispute handling and how should they be addressed? Since technology not only alters the role of third parties and disputants but also serves as a fourth party, what are the ethical implications for example, of employing artificial intelligence? How can explorations of the boundaries of ODR foster a re-imaging of 21st Century justice systems? |
Search result: 369 articles
Article |
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Journal | International Journal of Online Dispute Resolution, Issue 1 2022 |
Keywords | ODR, ethics, online dispute resolution, alternative dispute resolution, technology, artificial intelligence |
Authors | Leah Wing |
AbstractAuthor's information |
Article |
The Pandemic, Climate Change and Mediation Converge in the Mediators’ Green Pledge |
Journal | International Journal of Online Dispute Resolution, Issue 1 2022 |
Keywords | access to justice, online dispute resolution, impact of pandemic on mediation practice, commitments to “green” practice |
Authors | Ian Macduff |
AbstractAuthor's information |
This article briefly examines the impact of the Covid-19 pandemic on mediation practice and the potential benefits of maintaining a commitment to environmentally sound ways of practice as we emerge from the pandemic. It introduces the readers to a recent initiative, The Green Pledge, which is a voluntary commitment to reducing the carbon impact of practice. |
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Lessons from India’s ODR MovementInsights from Co-leading a Movement While Surviving a Pandemic between 2018 and 2021 |
Journal | International Journal of Online Dispute Resolution, Issue 1 2022 |
Keywords | Online Dispute Resolution, startups, entrepreneurs, ICICI Bank, E-ADR challenge, NITI Aayog, Supreme Court of India, ODR Handbook 2021, ODR national policy report |
Authors | Chittu Nagarajan and Sachin Malhan |
AbstractAuthor's information |
India’s vast case pendency and inefficiency of formal mechanisms greatly hinder the resolution of disputes. Aimed at moving India beyond these traditional limitations, the online dispute resolution (ODR) movement in India developed and gained tremendous momentum with the onset of the COVID-19 pandemic. Stakeholders otherwise resistant to change, both in government and in industry, were compelled to embrace technology and resort to an online mode of resolving disputes. This article traces the steady and promising growth of ODR in India and examines the contributions of innovators, entrepreneurs and enterprises who recognized the need for an alternative model of dispute resolution and participated in championing the expansion of ODR in the country. The article identifies insights from the Indian experience that could be portable to other missions for law and justice innovation in the world. |
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Europe’s Coordinated Approach to ODR |
Journal | International Journal of Online Dispute Resolution, Issue 1 2022 |
Keywords | Online Dispute Resolution (ODR), AI, lawtech, justice systems, human rights, Council of Europe, access to justice, European Cyberjustice Network, European Commission for the Efficiency of Justice |
Authors | Graham Ross |
AbstractAuthor's information |
While court administrations/justice departments were not among the early adopters of online dispute resolution (ODR) they can clearly, as gatekeepers to the majority of civil disputes, have an enormous influence on ODR and, in particular, the speed at which ODR is adopted as a widely accepted practice in dispute resolution. |
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ODR Readiness of Portuguese-Speaking Countries |
Journal | International Journal of Online Dispute Resolution, Issue 1 2022 |
Keywords | PALOP, ODR, ICT, Portuguese-speaking, dispute resolution |
Authors | Ana Maria Maia Gonçalves, Andrea Maia, Nuno Albuquerque e.a. |
AbstractAuthor's information |
In this article, we investigate whether the conditions for the emergence of an online dispute resolution (ODR) market in Portuguese-speaking countries have been met. The size of the Portuguese-speaking population and the internet penetration in Portuguese-speaking countries may look promising, but what is called networked readiness as well as the legal context needs to be factored in before any conclusion may be drawn. |
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The Brazilian Law System and Some Reflections on the Use of Technology |
Journal | International Journal of Online Dispute Resolution, Issue 1 2022 |
Keywords | Brazilian, ODR, democracy, citizenship, judicial system, digital inclusion |
Authors | Beatriz Arruda and Renata Porto Adri |
AbstractAuthor's information |
This contribution has emerged in response to the provocations of the editor, Daniel Rainey, about the interest in knowing the status and use of technology by the Brazilian judicial system. It is based on the premise that the COVID-19 pandemic accelerated the adoption of technological tools, even in complex legal systems such as that in Brazil. There is still much to be built on it, and there are many opportunities for adopting online solutions as a means of accessing justice. |
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ODR and Online Courts in the COVID-19 PandemicIs It Correct to Affirm That Courts Are a Mere Service? |
Journal | International Journal of Online Dispute Resolution, Issue 1 2022 |
Keywords | procedural law, dispute resolution, online dispute resolution, online courts, jurisdiction, online court hearings |
Authors | Dierle Nunes and Hugo Malone |
AbstractAuthor's information |
Starting from the premise that the pandemic caused by the new coronavirus forced the growth of dispute resolution technologies in Brazil and around the world, this article presents a critique of one of the central arguments for the deployment of online dispute resolution techniques in the courts: that courts are a mere service. It proposes, therefore, the thesis that the term courts, as a synonym of the jurisdictional function, can be understood neither as a public service nor as a mere place but rather as a condition of possibility for fundamental rights, be it in physical or digital environments. In order to guarantee that the execution of procedural acts in digital environments conforms to the democratic constitutional procedure, this article proposes to create a seal of recognition to be granted by the Brazilian Bar Association (OAB) to the platforms that operate according to the due constitutional process. It is also suggested that minimal guidelines be formulated that are capable of offering a reference for the discussions, development, use and integration of online conflict resolution platforms, as well as that institutional protocols be adopted as a means of democratizing the application of technology in law. |
Case Law |
2022/1 EELC’s review of the year 2021 |
Journal | European Employment Law Cases, Issue 1 2022 |
Authors | Niklas Bruun, Filip Dorssemont, Zef Even e.a. |
Abstract |
Various of our academic board analysed employment law cases from last year. |
Case Reports |
2022/10 Labour Tribunal of Brussels decides that Deliveroo riders are self-employed workers and not employees (BE) |
Journal | European Employment Law Cases, Issue 1 2022 |
Keywords | Employment Status |
Authors | Gautier Busschaert |
AbstractAuthor's information |
Working as a rider for the Deliveroo platform is a professional activity that can be performed as a self-employed worker, the Labour Tribunal of Brussels has decided, which also ruled out the possibility of Deliveroo riders enjoying the fiscally beneficial status available for workers active on electronic platforms of the collaborative economy (or ‘sharing economy’). |
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Meetings between victims and offenders suffering from a mental disorder in forensic mental health facilities: a qualitative exploration of their subjective experiences |
Journal | The International Journal of Restorative Justice, Issue Online First 2022 |
Keywords | Victim-offender meetings, restorative justice, forensic mental health, victimology, perception |
Authors | Mariëtte van Denderen and Michiel van der Wolf |
AbstractAuthor's information |
Most studies about victim-offender meetings have been performed within prison populations, with little reference to offenders diagnosed with mental disorders. In establishing the effects of such meetings, these studies often use quantitative measures. Little is known about meetings between victims and offenders with mental disorders and about the more qualitative subjective experiences of the participants regarding these meetings. In this interview study, we inquired into the subjective experiences of sixteen participants in victim-offender meetings, six of whom are victims and ten offenders of severe crimes, currently residing in forensic mental health facilities. Topics of the interviews included benefits of the meeting and perceptions of each other prior to and after the meeting. Important benefits that participants experienced from meeting each other were reconnecting with family, processing the offence and contributing to each other’s well-being. Such benefits are comparable to those mentioned in studies on meetings with offenders without a mental disorder, challenging the practice that mentally disordered offenders are often excluded from such meetings. Most victims experienced a positive change in perception of the offender owing to the meeting. They perceived the offender as a human being and associated him less exclusively with his offence. Implications for clinical practice are addressed. |
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Restorative justice training for judges and public prosecutors in the European Union: what is on offer and where are the gaps? |
Journal | The International Journal of Restorative Justice, Issue Online First 2022 |
Keywords | restorative justice, judicial training, judges, public prosecutors |
Authors | Ana Catarina Pereira, Britt De Craen and Ivo Aertsen |
AbstractAuthor's information |
Judges and public prosecutors across Europe continue to be the main source of referral of cases to restorative justice programmes organised in the context of the criminal justice system. As a result, the training of these two groups of legal professionals regarding what restorative justice is and what it can offer to victims, offenders and the community has for many years been identified as a priority for the development of restorative justice in the European Union (EU). However, little information is available about what actually exists in terms of judicial training on restorative justice within the national judicial training institutions responsible for the initial and/or continuous training of judges and/or public prosecutors. Therefore, we developed an online survey on judicial training on restorative justice and invited 38 judicial training institutions operating in the (then) 28 EU Member States to participate in our study. We were able to make relevant observations regarding the reasons for the non-existence of restorative justice training in most of the judicial training institutions studied and identify important elements of the architecture of the restorative justice training offered by the judicial training institution of Czech Republic. |
Article |
Mediation in Greece: The ‘Formal’ and Various ‘Informal’ Types, Off- and OnlineThe Architecture of Mediation in Greece – Shifting towards a Culture That Values Consensus-Building |
Journal | Corporate Mediation Journal, Issue 2 2021 |
Keywords | mediation, Greece, special forms, mandatory, online, informal types |
Authors | Dimitris Emvalomenos |
Author's information |
Article |
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Journal | Corporate Mediation Journal, Issue 2 2021 |
Keywords | international commercial mediation, Belt and Road Initiative, Singapore Convention, China, international dispute resolution |
Authors | Henneke Brink |
AbstractAuthor's information |
With unfaltering determination, China continues to expand its Belt and Road Initiative (BRI). This article focuses on the preference that is given to mediation for the resolution of BRI-related disputes. China, Hong Kong and Singapore proclaim that this approach better fits with ‘Asian’ cultural values than adversarial processes like arbitration and litigation. The BRI can be seen as an innovative field lab where mechanisms for international commercial conflict management and resolution are being developed and put to action - and where legitimacy is tested. |
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Preparing Mediators for Text-Based Mediations on ODR Platforms |
Journal | International Journal of Online Dispute Resolution, Issue 2 2021 |
Keywords | online dispute resolution (ODR), mediation, dispute resolution, alternative dispute resolution (ADR), mediation training, text-based systems |
Authors | Joseph van ’t Hooft, Wan Zhang and Sarah Mader |
AbstractAuthor's information |
The COIVD-19 pandemic has drawn an increasing level of attention to the role of online dispute resolution (ODR) in dispute resolution systems. As ODR becomes increasingly prevalent, unique characteristics of conducting text-based mediations via ODR platforms begin to surface, warranting discussion on modifying mediator practises to adapt to ODR platforms. This article shines a light on the advantages and disadvantages of text-based mediations through interviews with court administrators and mediators with text-based mediation experience. Accordingly, this article proposes recommendations on training mediators to use ODR platforms and modifying their practises to achieve the best outcomes in text-based mediations. Focusing on the qualitative data and information gathered from these conducted interviews, this article seeks to offer practical advice about preparing mediators to participate in text-based mediations. |
Article |
The Use of Technology (and Other Measures) to Increase Court CapacityA View from Australia |
Journal | International Journal of Online Dispute Resolution, Issue 2 2021 |
Keywords | court capacity, COVID-19, Australia, online dispute resolution, open justice, procedural fairness, access to justice, online courts, justice technology, judicial function |
Authors | Felicity Bell, Michael Legg, Joe McIntyre e.a. |
AbstractAuthor's information |
The COVID-19 pandemic has forced courts around the world to embrace technology and other innovative measures in order to continue functioning. This article explores how Australian courts have approached this challenge. We show how adaptations in response to the pandemic have sometimes been in tension with principles of open justice, procedural fairness and access to justice, and consider how courts have attempted to resolve that tension. |
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Journal | International Journal of Online Dispute Resolution, Issue 2 2021 |
Keywords | online dispute resolution (ODR), e-commerce, international dispute resolution, international law, United States, China, European Union, Australia, alternative dispute resolution (ADR), online platforms |
Authors | Teresa Ballesteros |
AbstractAuthor's information |
This article will examine Online Dispute Resolution (ODR) from several perspectives to provide a comprehensive understanding of the global efforts to incorporate ODR in the e-commerce scope. Upon examining the nature and growth of both e-commercial activities and ODR, there will be an analysis from an international standpoint, where the article will discuss the relevant bodies and the progression of uniform standards in this regard. This is followed by an analysis of several jurisdictions, namely the United States, China, European Union and Australia. Finally, the essay will provide suggestions andrecommendations for the implementation of ODR. |
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Online Mediation and e-commerce (B2B and B2C) Disputes |
Journal | International Journal of Online Dispute Resolution, Issue 2 2021 |
Keywords | ODR, online Mediation, e-commerce, business-to business (B2B), business-to consumer (B2C) |
Authors | Mariam Skhulukhia |
AbstractAuthor's information |
Nowadays, electronic commerce plays a significant role in our society as internet transactions continue to grow in the business industry. Electronic commerce mainly refers to commercial transactions, such as business-to-business and business-to-consumer. Disputes are inevitable, part of our lives. Simultaneously by developing technology the need for an effective dispute resolution was obvious. Information communication technology and alternative dispute resolution together created online dispute resolution. Businesses and consumers are actively engaged in online dispute resolution. Therefore, the use of the internet makes business or consumer transactions easier. The online environment is much flexible when it comes to electronic commerce. This article focuses on online mediation, one of the most popular forms of online dispute resolution. |
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Journal | Netherlands Journal of Legal Philosophy, Issue 2 2021 |
Keywords | Global solidarity, Pandemics, Global Existential Threats, Collective Intelligence, CrowdLaw |
Authors | José Luis Martí |
AbstractAuthor's information |
Some of the existential threats we currently face are global in the sense that they affect us all, and thus matter of global concern and trigger duties of moral global solidarity. But some of these global threats, such as the COVID-19 pandemic, are global in a second, additional, sense: discharging them requires joint, coordinated global action. For that reason, these twofold global threats trigger political – not merely moral – duties of global solidarity. This article explores the contrast between these two types of global threats with the purpose of clarifying the distinction between moral and political duties of global solidarity. And, in the absence of a fully developed global democratic institutional system, the article also explores some promising ways to fulfill our global political duties, especially those based on mechanisms of collective intelligence such as CrowdLaw, which might provide effective solutions to these global threats while enhancing the democratic legitimacy of public decision-making. |