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Search result: 30 articles
Year 2020 xCase Reports |
2020/49 Employing the former employees of a former service provider represents transfer of undertakings (RO) |
Journal | European Employment Law Cases, Issue 4 2020 |
Keywords | Transfer of Undertakings |
Authors | Andreea Suciu and Teodora Manaila |
AbstractAuthor's information |
Human Rights Practice Review |
Poland |
Journal | East European Yearbook on Human Rights, Issue 1 2020 |
Authors | Vita Czepek and Jakub Czepek |
Author's information |
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Journal | East European Yearbook on Human Rights, Issue 1 2020 |
Keywords | human rights, emergency situation, COVID-19 and sanitary crisis, Article 15 of the European Convention on Human Rights, European Court of Human Rights (the ECtHR), Estonia |
Authors | Maris Kuurberg |
AbstractAuthor's information |
During the COVID-19 pandemic, Estonia was one of the states that decided to inform the Secretary General of the Council of Europe of the health-related emergency situation in Estonia and noted, with reference to Article 15 of the European Convention on Human Rights, that some emergency measures may involve a derogation from certain obligations under the Convention. The Government’s considerations proceeded from the unprecedented scale of the sanitary crisis and the scope of extraordinary measures taken to tackle it. Importance was attached to the fact that the Court has never before assessed health-related exceptions allowed in some of the articles of the Convention in a situation which affects the whole nation – not to mention the articles of the Convention which do not set out any exceptions at all. Article 15 of the Convention, on the other hand, is designed to be applicable in public emergency situations threatening the life of the nation. |
Article |
Digital Equals PublicAssembly Meetings Under a Lockdown Regime |
Journal | European Journal of Law Reform, Issue 4 2020 |
Keywords | COVID-19 regulation, temporary legislation, sunset clauses, digitalization, digital democracy, local democracy, experimental legislation |
Authors | Lianne van Kalken and Evert Stamhuis |
AbstractAuthor's information |
In this article we examine the Dutch emergency legislation for local democracy. In response to the COVID-19 pandemic in the Netherlands, the Temporary Act for digital meetings for local/regional government tiers was enacted. The legislature introduced a system of digital debate and decision-making for municipal and provincial councils, the democratically elected assemblies at the local and regional levels. At the same time the Ministry of the Interior and Kingdom Relations set up an evaluation committee to monitor and evaluate the working of the local and provincial governments with this temporary legislation. |
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Journal | European Journal of Law Reform, Issue 4 2020 |
Keywords | coronavirus, emergency law, emergency powers, autocratization, democratic deconsolidation, state of emergency, rule of law, transparency, accountability, legislative scrutiny |
Authors | Joelle Grogan |
AbstractAuthor's information |
The measures taken in response to the coronavirus pandemic have been among the most restrictive in contemporary history, and have raised concerns from the perspective of democracy, human rights, and the rule of law. Building on a study of the legal measures taken in response to pandemic in 74 countries, this article considers the central question of the use of power during an emergency: is it better or worse for democracy and the rule of law to declare an emergency or, instead, to rely on ordinary powers and legislative frameworks? The article then considers whether the use of powers (ordinary or emergency) in response to the pandemic emergency has ultimately been a cause, or catalyst of, further democratic deconsolidation. It concludes on a note of optimism: an emerging best practice of governmental response reliant on public trust bolstered by rationalized and transparent decision-making and the capacity to adapt, change and reform measures and policies. |
Article |
Legislative Scrutiny in Times of EmergencyA Case Study of Australian Parliaments |
Journal | European Journal of Law Reform, Issue 4 2020 |
Keywords | legislative scrutiny, sunset clauses, emergency laws, virtual parliament, parliamentary committee, trust |
Authors | Hon Kate Doust MLC and Mr Sam Hastings |
AbstractAuthor's information |
Citizens’ trust in Australian governments and parliaments has fallen in recent years, yet trust is critical for governments to do their job effectively and attack challenging issues. The coronavirus pandemic provides an opportunity for governments and parliaments to bridge the gap between citizens’ expectations and parliamentary and government performance and therefore rebuild trust. In doing so, parliaments need to balance their desire for speedy action with proportionate measures and mechanisms for review. |
Article |
Patience, LadiesGender-Sensitive Parliamentary Responses in a Time of Crisis |
Journal | European Journal of Law Reform, Issue 4 2020 |
Keywords | gender sensitivity, parliament, responsiveness, COVID-19, democracy, women |
Authors | Sonia Palmieri and Sarah Childs |
AbstractAuthor's information |
In early 2020, in the face of the Covid-19 pandemic, numerous parliaments played their rightful democratic role by following the advice of health and economic experts and swiftly passing emergency legislation and relief packages. This was, in many countries, an attempt to reach an equilibrium between saving lives and saving economic livelihoods, on the understanding that both were in serious jeopardy. In the face of public health measures many parliaments also found themselves having to reform their own rules, procedures and practices. In both cases – policy interventions and institutional redesign – it appears that parliamentary responses to the Covid-19 situation were less commonly based on the advice of gender experts or informed by considerations of gender inequalities. Few, if any, emergency packages were designed following a systematic consideration of existing, deeply entrenched gender inequalities, despite continuous public analysis and commentary about the disproportionate gender impacts of the pandemic and the resulting lockdowns; and no parliaments instituted (temporary) rule changes that prioritized the voices of women parliamentarians or constituents. In this article, which draws on our work drafting the UN Women Covid-19 Parliamentary Primer & Checklist, we revisit the democratic case for gender-sensitive parliaments, highlighting their particular relevance to the 2020 pandemic. We introduce our model for gender-sensitive crisis responses across four key stages of the parliamentary process presented in the Primer – representation, deliberation, legislation and scrutiny – and offer an initial assessment of what transpired in the world’s parliaments based on an IPU survey. We suggest that if parliaments are to be gender-sensitive institutions in times of crisis, they must not only change how they do politics but also develop and sustain a robust political culture that values gender equality and an ethic of caring that supports new rules, procedures and practices that better redress institutional gender deficiencies. |
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Journal | International Journal of Online Dispute Resolution, Issue 2 2020 |
Keywords | European legislation, Alternative Dispute Resolution, civil procedure |
Authors | Rebecca Berto |
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Alternative Dispute Resolution (=ADR) is a generic reference to consensus-based processes that provide an alternative to litigation and to binding arbitration procedures. Analysing European provisions, the European legislator pushes Alternative Dispute Resolution methods as a means of resolving not only consumer-to-business disputes but also business-to-business. This may determine over the long term a sort of ‘dejurisdictionalization’ process, moving disputes from tribunals to Alternative Dispute Resolution methods. Procedural rights, however, such as raising interpretative questions to the European Court of Justice, may only be exercised before a court. |
Article |
Towards Online Dispute Resolution-Led Justice in China |
Journal | International Journal of Online Dispute Resolution, Issue 2 2020 |
Keywords | Online Dispute Resolution, smart court, internet court, access to justice, China |
Authors | Carrie Shu Shang and Wenli Guo |
AbstractAuthor's information |
The use of online dispute resolution (ODR) in courts is a growing topic of interest. By focusing on the recent development of ODR-connected smart courts in China, this article explores ODR’s potential impact on Chinese legal systems from three aspects: role of courts and the legal profession, due process rights, and information safety. By focusing on changing dispute resolution theories – from emphasizing on conflict resolution to dispute prevention – the article argues that ODR-led court reforms rose to the centre because the reform caters to specific purposes of the recent series of reforms conducted under the auspices of the Rule of Law campaign, by prioritizing efficiency goals and attempting to enhance individualist justice experiences. In this article, we define the meaning of ODR in China and describe and categorize ODR technologies that are currently in use in China. Based on these general findings and promising technological options of ODR, we also recommend ways to better implement ODR in Chinese courts to take full advantage of technological advancements. |
Article |
Legal Support for the Private Sector: An Implementation Agreement for the Moon Treaty |
Journal | International Institute of Space Law, Issue 2 2020 |
Authors | Dennis O’Brien |
AbstractAuthor's information |
There is currently a gap in space law that has had a detrimental effect on private activity in outer space. Article II of the Outer Space Treaty prohibits appropriation. The Moon Treaty includes a process for overriding that prohibition (an implementation agreement (IA) under Article 11), but most countries have not adopted it because it uses the term “Common Heritage of Mankind”. But the CHM has no independent legal meaning; it is whatever the implementation agreement says it is. Both the ban on appropriation and the concerns about the CHM are addressed by the Model Implementation Agreement. Without an IA, everyone fears the worst. But if the specific language of an IA is agreed to beforehand, then countries could adopt the Moon Treaty while being assured that they are protecting their national interests. |
Article |
A Compliance Guide for Satellite Network Operators Who Plan to Conduct Business in China |
Journal | International Institute of Space Law, Issue 7 2020 |
Keywords | space-based internet access, licensing system, market access |
Authors | Huxiao Yang |
AbstractAuthor's information |
In 2020, SpaceX, OneWeb, and other companies lead the construction of the space-based internet constellation. Although it may take time for these constellations to enter extensive commerce, for space-based internet constellation operators (hereinafter Operators), obtaining an operating license is as important as achieving technical goals. As the laws and regulations on telecommunication qualification authorization, radio equipment type approval (hereinafter TA), and cross-border data protection, and Operators need to conduct compliance reviews before conduct business in accordance with the characteristics of their spacebased internet access products. Factors such as a vast land area, huge population, and complex terrain are expected to create a huge satellite Network market in China. This paper will analyze and classify the satellite Network products related to China’s laws and regulations currently in force. This paper focuses on Regulations of the People’s Republic of China on the Management of Radio Operation, Administrative Provisions on the Establishment of Space radiocommunication Networks as well as the Setup and Use of Earth Stations, Telecommunication Regulation of the People’s Republic of China, and other related regulations, etc. This paper will give a brief compliance guide for satellite network operators who plan to conduct business in China by analyzing business models and laws. Finally, this paper will analyze the legislative trends of laws and regulations related to the satellite network and policy trends and the changes and opportunities that may be brought to satellite network compliance. |
Article |
The Windrush ScandalA Review of Citizenship, Belonging and Justice in the United Kingdom |
Journal | European Journal of Law Reform, Issue 3 2020 |
Keywords | Windrush generation, statelessness, right to nationality, genocide, apologetic UK Human Rights Act Preamble |
Authors | Namitasha Goring, Beverley Beckford and Simone Bowman |
AbstractAuthor's information |
This article points out that the UK Human Rights Act, 1998 does not have a clear provision guaranteeing a person’s right to a nationality. Instead, this right is buried in the European Court of Human Rights decisions of Smirnova v Russia, 2003 and Alpeyeva and Dzhalagoniya v. Russia, 2018. In these cases, the Court stretched the scope of Article 8 of the European Convention on Human Rights, 1953 on non-interference with private life by public authorities to extend to nationality. The humanitarian crisis arising from the Windrush Scandal was caused by the UK Government’s decision to destroy the Windrush Generation’s landing cards in the full knowledge that for many these slips of paper were the only evidence of their legitimate arrival in Britain between 1948 and 1971. |
Article |
Regional Differentiation in Europe, between EU Proposals and National Reforms |
Journal | European Journal of Law Reform, Issue 3 2020 |
Keywords | regional differentiation, regional disparities, autonomy, regionalism, subsidiarity, European Union, multilevel governance |
Authors | Gabriella Saputelli |
AbstractAuthor's information |
Regions and local governments play a very important role in the application of European law and in the implementation of European policies. The economic crisis of 2008 has accentuated territorial and social differentiation and highlighted the negative effects of globalization. This circumstance has created resentment among peripheral and marginal communities in the electoral results, but also a strong request for involvement, participation and sometimes independence from territories. These developments raise new questions about the relationship between the EU and the Regions and, more widely, about the role of subnational entities in the EU integration process, as they are the institutions nearest to citizens. |
Article |
The Development of Human Rights Diplomacy Since the Establishment of the UNMore Actors, More Efficiency? |
Journal | Hungarian Yearbook of International Law and European Law, Issue 1 2020 |
Keywords | human rights, diplomacy, international organizations, NGOs, corporate social responsibility |
Authors | István Lakatos |
AbstractAuthor's information |
This study gives a comprehensive picture of the development of human rights diplomacy since the establishment of the UN, focusing on the dilemmas governments are facing regarding their human-rights-related decisions and demonstrating the changes that occurred during the post-Cold War period, both in respect of the tools and participants in this field. Special attention is given to the role of international organizations, and in particular to the UN in this process, and the new human rights challenges the international community must address in order to maintain the relevance of human rights diplomacy. |
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Participation in the European Public Prosecutor’s OfficeMember States’ Autonomous Decision or an Obligation? |
Journal | Hungarian Yearbook of International Law and European Law, Issue 1 2020 |
Keywords | European Public Prosecutor’s Office, EPPO, OLAF, European criminal law, Eurojust |
Authors | Ádám Békés |
AbstractAuthor's information |
The aim of the present study is to examine recent developments concerning the European Public Prosecutor’s Office (EPPO), focusing on the conflict between the EU and the Member States not participating in the enhanced cooperation setting up the Prosecutor’s Office. To provide an overall picture about EPPO’s future operational relations, the study first presents the EPPO’s future cooperation with other EU bodies and draws some critical conclusions. Based on these reflections, the study aims to discuss the EU’s alleged intention and strategy to cope with and solve the problem of non-participating Member States, assessing the probable role of the Prosecutor’s Office and other related EU bodies, institutions and legal measures in this struggle, while also considering recent declarations of the leaders of EU institutions. |
Case Reports |
2020/34 Challenge to validity of Workplace Relations Act 2015 unsuccessful (IR) |
Journal | European Employment Law Cases, Issue 3 2020 |
Keywords | Unfair Dismissal, Fair Trial, Miscellaneous |
Authors | Orla O’Leary |
AbstractAuthor's information |
A recent challenge to the constitutionality of the Irish Workplace Relations Commission (WRC) has failed. The applicant in the case at hand argued that the WRC was unconstitutional for two reasons: (a) that the WRC carries out the administration of justice in breach of the general constitutional rule that only the courts may administer justice; and (b) several of the statutory procedures of the WRC were so deficient that they failed to vindicate the applicant’s personal constitutional rights. The High Court of Ireland dismissed both arguments. |
Article |
An Australian Aboriginal in-prison restorative justice process: a worldview explanation |
Journal | The International Journal of Restorative Justice, Issue 3 2020 |
Keywords | Australian Aboriginal, prison, recidivism, worldview, restorative justice |
Authors | Jane Anderson |
AbstractAuthor's information |
As a response to the over-representation of Australian Aboriginal offenders in Western Australian prisons and high rates of reoffending, this article presents a sketch of Western and Australian Aboriginal worldviews and core symbols as a basis for understanding the rehabilitative-restorative needs of this prisoner cohort. The work first reviews and argues that the Western-informed Risk-Need-Responsivity model of programming for Australian Aboriginal prisoners has limited value for preventing reoffending. An introduction and description are then given to an Aboriginal in-prison restorative justice process (AIPRJP) which is delivered in a regional Western Australian prison. The process is largely undergirded by an Australian Aboriginal worldview and directed to delivering a culturally constructive and corrective intervention. The AIPRJP uses a range of symbolic forms (i.e. ritual, myth, play, art, information), which are adapted to the prison context to bring about the aims of restorative justice. The article contends that culturally informed restorative justice processes can produce intermediate outcomes that can directly or indirectly be associated with reductions in reoffending. |
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Journal | European Journal of Law Reform, Issue 2 2020 |
Keywords | Parliament of Albania, law reform, Standing Committees, European Integration, Council on the Legislation, National Council for European Integration, Committee on European Integration |
Authors | Dr. Oriola Sallavaci |
AbstractAuthor's information |
This article throws light on the parliamentary scrutiny of law reform in Albania, which so far has not received sufficient attention in academic literature. The article provides a review of the bodies, procedures and mechanisms for the scrutiny of legal reform, as specified in the Constitution of Albania, Parliament’s Rules of Procedure and other specific statutes. Research on the activities of these bodies during the past three years, as reported by the official sources, throws light on the problematic aspects of their work and enables recommendations to be made which will lead to a more effective role of Parliament in legal reform. This is paramount considering the past few years of political instability in the country, at a time when Albanian’s European Integration is at stake |
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Journal | Erasmus Law Review, Issue 2 2020 |
Keywords | empirical legal studies, legal research methods, doctrinal legal research, new legal realism, critical legal studies, law and policy |
Authors | Gareth Davies |
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This article considers how empirical legal studies (ELS) and doctrinal legal research (DLR) interact. Rather than seeing them as competitors that are methodologically independent and static, it suggests that they are interdependent activities, which may each be changed by interaction with the other, and that this change brings both opportunities and threats. For ELS, the article argues that DLR should properly be understood as part of its theoretical framework, yet in practice little attention is given to doctrine in empirical work. Paying more attention to DLR and legal frames generally would help ELS meet the common criticism that it is under-theorised and excessively policy oriented. On the other hand, an embrace of legal thinking, particularly of critical legal thinking, might lead to loss of status for ELS in policy circles and mainstream social science. For DLR, ELS offers a chance for it to escape the threat of insular sterility and irrelevance and to participate in a founded commentary on the world. The risk, however, is that in tailoring legal analysis to what can be empirically researched legal scholars become less analytically ambitious and more safe, and their traditionally important role as a source of socially relevant critique is weakened. Inevitably, in offering different ways of moving to normative conclusions about the law, ELS and DLR pose challenges to each other, and meeting those challenges will require sometimes uncomfortable self-reflection. |
Conversations on restorative justice |
A talk with Martin Wright |
Journal | The International Journal of Restorative Justice, Issue 2 2020 |
Authors | Albert Dzur |
Author's information |