Part II of this article addresses the question of how evaluative mediation may be used in practice. What guidelines are available to a mediator who considers crossing the line between facilitation and evaluation? |
Search result: 53 articles
Year 2021 xArticle |
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Journal | Corporate Mediation Journal, Issue 2 2021 |
Keywords | evaluative mediation, deployment, hybrids |
Authors | Martin Brink |
AbstractAuthor's information |
Article |
Preparing Mediators for Text-Based Mediations on ODR Platforms |
Journal | International Journal of Online Dispute Resolution, Issue 2 2021 |
Keywords | online dispute resolution (ODR), mediation, dispute resolution, alternative dispute resolution (ADR), mediation training, text-based systems |
Authors | Joseph van ’t Hooft, Wan Zhang and Sarah Mader |
AbstractAuthor's information |
The COIVD-19 pandemic has drawn an increasing level of attention to the role of online dispute resolution (ODR) in dispute resolution systems. As ODR becomes increasingly prevalent, unique characteristics of conducting text-based mediations via ODR platforms begin to surface, warranting discussion on modifying mediator practises to adapt to ODR platforms. This article shines a light on the advantages and disadvantages of text-based mediations through interviews with court administrators and mediators with text-based mediation experience. Accordingly, this article proposes recommendations on training mediators to use ODR platforms and modifying their practises to achieve the best outcomes in text-based mediations. Focusing on the qualitative data and information gathered from these conducted interviews, this article seeks to offer practical advice about preparing mediators to participate in text-based mediations. |
Article |
The Use of Technology (and Other Measures) to Increase Court CapacityA View from Australia |
Journal | International Journal of Online Dispute Resolution, Issue 2 2021 |
Keywords | court capacity, COVID-19, Australia, online dispute resolution, open justice, procedural fairness, access to justice, online courts, justice technology, judicial function |
Authors | Felicity Bell, Michael Legg, Joe McIntyre e.a. |
AbstractAuthor's information |
The COVID-19 pandemic has forced courts around the world to embrace technology and other innovative measures in order to continue functioning. This article explores how Australian courts have approached this challenge. We show how adaptations in response to the pandemic have sometimes been in tension with principles of open justice, procedural fairness and access to justice, and consider how courts have attempted to resolve that tension. |
Article |
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Journal | International Journal of Online Dispute Resolution, Issue 2 2021 |
Keywords | online dispute resolution (ODR), e-commerce, international dispute resolution, international law, United States, China, European Union, Australia, alternative dispute resolution (ADR), online platforms |
Authors | Teresa Ballesteros |
AbstractAuthor's information |
This article will examine Online Dispute Resolution (ODR) from several perspectives to provide a comprehensive understanding of the global efforts to incorporate ODR in the e-commerce scope. Upon examining the nature and growth of both e-commercial activities and ODR, there will be an analysis from an international standpoint, where the article will discuss the relevant bodies and the progression of uniform standards in this regard. This is followed by an analysis of several jurisdictions, namely the United States, China, European Union and Australia. Finally, the essay will provide suggestions andrecommendations for the implementation of ODR. |
Article |
AI in the Legal ProfessionTeaching Robot Mediators Human Empathy |
Journal | International Journal of Online Dispute Resolution, Issue 2 2021 |
Keywords | ADR, AI, ML, mediation, digital technology, value alignment |
Authors | Linda Mochon Senado |
AbstractAuthor's information |
What benefits do AI technologies introduce to the law and how can lawyers integrate AI tools into their everyday practice and dispute resolution? Can we teach robot mediators to understand human empathy and values to conduct a successful mediation? While the future of AI in the legal profession remains somewhat unknown, it is evident that it introduces valuable tools that enhance legal practice and support lawyers to better serve their clients. This paper discusses the practical ways in which AI is used in the legal profession, while exploring some of the major concerns and hesitation over value alignment, morality and legal formalism. |
Article |
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Journal | Netherlands Journal of Legal Philosophy, Issue 2 2021 |
Keywords | Global solidarity, Pandemics, Global Existential Threats, Collective Intelligence, CrowdLaw |
Authors | José Luis Martí |
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Some of the existential threats we currently face are global in the sense that they affect us all, and thus matter of global concern and trigger duties of moral global solidarity. But some of these global threats, such as the COVID-19 pandemic, are global in a second, additional, sense: discharging them requires joint, coordinated global action. For that reason, these twofold global threats trigger political – not merely moral – duties of global solidarity. This article explores the contrast between these two types of global threats with the purpose of clarifying the distinction between moral and political duties of global solidarity. And, in the absence of a fully developed global democratic institutional system, the article also explores some promising ways to fulfill our global political duties, especially those based on mechanisms of collective intelligence such as CrowdLaw, which might provide effective solutions to these global threats while enhancing the democratic legitimacy of public decision-making. |
Article |
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Journal | Netherlands Journal of Legal Philosophy, Issue 2 2021 |
Keywords | Solidarity, COVID-19, Crisis, Normalcy, Exceptionality |
Authors | Amalia Amaya Navarro |
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In times of crisis, we witness exceptional expressions of solidarity. Why does solidarity spring in times of crisis when it wanes in normal times? An inquiry into what may explain the differences between the expression of solidarity in crisis vs. normalcy provides, as I will argue in this article, important insights into the conditions and nature of solidarity. Solidarity requires, I will contend, an egalitarian ethos and state action within and beyond the state. It is neither a momentary political ideal, nor an exclusionary one, which depends for its sustainment on formal, legal, structures. Transient, sectarian, and informal conceptions of solidarity unduly curtail the demands of solidarity by restricting its reach to times of crisis, to in-group recipients, and to the social rather than the legal sphere. The article concludes by discussing some aspects of the dynamics of solidarity and its inherent risks that the analysis of the exceptionality of solidarity helps bring into focus. |
Article |
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Journal | East European Yearbook on Human Rights, Issue 1 2021 |
Keywords | Covid-19, vaccine passport |
Authors | Mart Susi and Tiina Pajuste |
AbstractAuthor's information |
This comparative study looks into the proposed “vaccine passport” initiative from various human rights aspects. It was undertaken by the Global Digital Human Rights Network, an action started under the EU’s Cooperation in Science and Technology programme. The network currently unites more than 80 scholars and practitioners from 40 countries. The findings are based on responses to questions put to the network members by the authors of this study in February 2021. |
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Journal | East European Yearbook on Human Rights, Issue 1 2021 |
Authors | Martin Fertmann and Matthias C. Kettemann |
AbstractAuthor's information |
Terms-of-service based actions against political and state actors as both key subjects and objects of political opinion formation have become a focal point of the ongoing debates over who should set and enforce the rules for speech on online platforms. |
Article |
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Journal | East European Yearbook on Human Rights, Issue 1 2021 |
Keywords | artificial intelligence, chatbots, CRM, data protection, privacy |
Authors | Konstantinos Kouroupis, Dimitrios Vagianos and Aikaterini Totka |
AbstractAuthor's information |
In the new digital era as it is formed by the European digital strategy, the explosion of e-commerce and related technologies has led to the formation of tremendous volumes of customer data that could be exploited in a variety of ways. Customer relationship management (CRM) systems can now exploit these data sets to map consumers’ behaviour more effectively. As social media and artificial intelligence widened their penetration, firms’ interest shifted to chatbots in order to serve their customers’ needs. Nowadays, CRM and bots are developed in a parallel way. With the help of these virtual personal assistants, CRM establishes a virtual relationship with consumers. However, the extended collection and use of personal data under this scope may give rise to ethical and legal issues. In this article, the term CRM is defined, followed by an analysis of the way chatbots support CRM systems. In the second part, the legal context of chatbot use will be highlighted in an attempt to investigate whether there are personal data protection issues and whether certain rights or ethical rules are somehow violated. The draft AI Regulation, in combination with the provisions of GDPR and e-Privacy Directive, offers a significant background for our study. The article concludes by demonstrating the use of chatbots as an inherent part of the new digital era and lays special emphasis on the term ‘transparency’, which seems to penetrate the lawfulness of their use and guarantee our privacy. |
Article |
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Journal | Erasmus Law Review, Issue 3 2021 |
Keywords | intimate partner violence, stalking, protection orders, empowerment, safety, well-being |
Authors | Irma W.M. Cleven |
AbstractAuthor's information |
This study uses a novel approach to understand the experience and meaning of unsafety and the contribution of penal protection orders to victim empowerment in cases of intimate partner violence (IPV). In ten in-depth interviews, IPV survivors reflect on their relationship with their ex-partner and the previous years in which the order against their ex-partner was issued, including its role within the wider process of coming to terms with IPV victimisation and moving on. Depending on expectations of protection orders (POs) enforcement and deterrence, POs enhance one’s safety-related self-efficacy and result in a sense of empowerment. Its meaning can be understood in terms of one’s power from the ex-partner, power to act, status vis-à-vis the offender and the wider community, care/help of the CJS, and unity/togetherness with the wider community. Several implications for theoretical and empirical research and practice are discussed. |
Editorial |
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Journal | Erasmus Law Review, Issue 3 2021 |
Authors | Sanne Struijk |
Author's information |
Article |
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Journal | Erasmus Law Review, Issue 3 2021 |
Keywords | victim needs, protection, reasons to report, contribution to safety, police information, victim-offender relationship |
Authors | Annemarie ten Boom |
AbstractAuthor's information |
This article presents a preliminary analysis of how victims who report to the police for protection in the Netherlands judge their experiences with the police, in comparison with victims reporting crimes for other reasons. An existing dataset was used: the data was originally collected for a comprehensive survey among crime victims of 12 years and older in 2016. Female victims of violent (sexual and non-sexual) crimes constitute the major part of the victims for whom protection is the most important reporting reason. Victim perceptions of police contribution to safety as well as police information were investigated. The analyses show that overall, victim perceptions of the police’s contribution to safety are rather negative. Contribution to safety is judged somewhat better by victims for whom protection is their most important reporting reason; however, the respondents who are positive still form a minority. Police information is judged positively by more victims than contribution to safety. Of the respondents for whom protection is a reporting reason, victims of sexual crimes appear to judge police information positively more often than victims of other crime types. |
Article |
Legislative Effectiveness From a Legislative Drafter’s PerspectiveAnalysing the Transgender Persons (Protection of Rights) Act, 2019 |
Journal | European Journal of Law Reform, Issue 3 2021 |
Keywords | Effectiveness Test, legislative quality, drafting process, Transgender persons (Protection of Rights) Act, 2019 |
Authors | Devika Gulati |
AbstractAuthor's information |
This article discusses the effectiveness of Transgender persons (Protection of Rights) Act, 2019 and tests the legislation against Dr. Maria Mousmouti’s Effectiveness Test. The author first attempts to trace the real purpose of the Act in terms of specific and broad purposes, and the micro, meso and macro goals. Secondly, the author examines the content of the Act in terms of the legislative techniques used, compliance and enforcement mechanism, and legislative communication. Thirdly, the author studies the context of the Act in terms of its coherence, accessibility and the choice of superstructure. |
Article |
Legal Tradition and Human RightsA Quantitative Comparative Analysis of Developing Countries |
Journal | European Journal of Law Reform, Issue 3 2021 |
Keywords | comparative law, comparative constitutional analysis, human rights, legal traditions, quantitative constitutional analysis, economic rights, social and family rights, civil and political rights |
Authors | Dhanraj R. Singh |
AbstractAuthor's information |
This analysis examines the relationship between legal tradition and constitutional human rights. It experiments with a quantitative comparative methodology to compare economic rights, social and family rights, and civil and political rights between countries with common law, civil law and mixed law legal traditions. The results show that developing countries with a civil law legal tradition provide more constitutional human rights than their counterparts with a common law legal tradition. Although preliminary and imperfect, the results challenge the notion of superiority of the common law legal tradition and human rights. The quantitative comparative framework used offers a new methodological frontier for comparative constitutional law researchers to examine relationships between legal traditions. |
Article |
Sustainability in Global Supply Chains Under the CISG |
Journal | European Journal of Law Reform, Issue 3 2021 |
Keywords | CISG, sustainability, supply chains, UN Global Compact, Codes of Conduct, conformity of the goods |
Authors | Ingeborg Schwenzer and Edgardo Muñoz |
AbstractAuthor's information |
In this article, the authors assert that the United Nations Convention for the International Sale of Goods (CISG) can contribute to tackling gaps in statutory legislation and defective business conduct that have been associated with unsustainable trade in Global Supply Chains (GSCs). The authors provide evidence that the CISG contains rules enabling a general legal framework for establishing uniform sustainable standards for goods concerning suppliers, sellers and buyers located in different countries. For instance, the CISG provisions on contract formation ease the incorporation of joint codes of conduct for sustainable trade in GSCs. In addition, the contracting parties’ circumstances and current trade usages are now more relevant to determine what constitutes conformity of the goods under the contract and the default warranties in Article 35 CISG. On the level of remedies, the authors show that best-efforts provisions, possibly included in a code of conduct or inferred from standards applicable to the goods, may redefine the notion of impediment in Article 79 CISG, which could lead to exoneration of liability for the seller. They also demonstrate why fundamental breach and the calculation of damages are at the centre of the discussion regarding the remedies for breach of an obligation to deliver sustainable goods. |
Article |
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Journal | Erasmus Law Review, Issue 3 2021 |
Keywords | victim-offender contact, resocialisation, victim acknowledgement, forensic psychiatry, mentally disordered offenders |
Authors | Lydia Dalhuisen and Alice Kirsten Bosma |
AbstractAuthor's information |
Crime victims have gained a stronger position in all phases of the criminal procedure, including the post-sentencing phase. It is in this phase specifically that victims’ needs and interests relating to acknowledgement interplay with the offenders’ needs and interests relating to resocialisation. In the Netherlands, offenders who suffer from a mental disorder at the time of the offence limiting their criminal accountability and pose a significant safety threat, can be given a TBS order. This means that they are placed in a forensic psychiatric hospital to prevent further crimes and receive treatment aimed at resocialisation. As resocialisation requires the offender to return to society, contact with the victim might be a necessary step. This article focuses on victim-offender contact during the execution of this TBS order, and looks at risks and opportunities of victim-offender contact in this context, given the particular offender population. Offenders are divided into three groups: those with primarily psychotic disorders, those suffering from personality disorders and those with comorbidity, especially substance abuse disorders. The TBS population is atypical compared to offenders without a mental disorder. Their disorders can heighten the risks of unsuccessful or even counterproductive victim-offender contact. Yet, carefully executed victim-offender contact which includes thorough preparation, managing expectations and choosing the right type of contact can contribute to both successful resocialisation as well as victim acknowledgement. |
Conference Reports |
Conference on the Bindingness of EU Soft LawReport on the ‘Conference on the Bindingness of EU Soft Law’ Organized by Pázmány Péter Catholic University, 9 April 2021, Budapest |
Journal | Hungarian Yearbook of International Law and European Law, Issue 1 2021 |
Keywords | conference report, soft law, Pázmány Péter Catholic University, bindingness, Grimaldi |
Authors | Vivien Köböl-Benda |
AbstractAuthor's information |
The online ‘Conference on the bindingness of EU soft law’ was organized by the Ereky Public Law Research Center at Pázmány Péter Catholic University (Hungary), the Universidad de Castilla-La Mancha (Spain), and the Portsmouth Law School (United Kingdom) on 9 April 2021. The presentations described EU soft law instruments’ legal effect on EU institutions and the Member States. The soft law instruments of different policy fields were also examined, including the analysis of the language of EU soft law. |
Hungarian State Practice |
An Institution for a Sustainable FutureThe Hungarian Ombudsman for Future Generations |
Journal | Hungarian Yearbook of International Law and European Law, Issue 1 2021 |
Keywords | intergenerational equity, rights of future generations, ombudsman for future generations, Hungary, right to environment |
Authors | Kinga Debisso and Marcel Szabó |
AbstractAuthor's information |
The purpose of this article is to give an insight into the process leading up to the establishment of the Hungarian Ombudsman for Future Generations and its tasks: an almost 15-year-old, unique legal institution aiming to protect the interests of future generations. The Ombudsman for Future Generations is an example for the institutionalization of the principle of intergenerational justice. The article aims to introduce the characteristics and strengths of the current institutional design and the structural features that allow for the successful operation of the Ombudsman for Future Generations in Hungary. Following an introduction to the political and historical context in which the institution was established, the article describes in detail the Ombudsman’s work, responsibilities, most important functions, elaborating on some examples of its best practices and achievements. Finally, the article touches upon how the example and experiences of the Hungarian institution may be valuable for other countries in Europe and beyond. |